考研英语语法

背诵三四十篇文章，建立在语法很清楚的基础上。

核心

1）句子的基本成分分析 2）非谓语动词 3）从句

词法概述

词性 按词义、词形及在句子中的功能可分为十大类 1）名词：表示人或事物的名称，英文缩写n。

2）代词：代替名词或是数词（没见过）英文缩写pron。要搞清指代对象；个别情况下可以指代一个句子（it that this),在非限定性定语从句里（as witch)也可以指代句子；(one ones)也可作代词，只带前面的名词，分别指带前面名词的（单数和复数） 3）形容词：标示人或是事物的性质和特征，adj 或a。（比较级或是最高级） 4）副词：修饰动词、形容词、或是其他副词，adv或ad。 5）数词：标示数量或顺序，num。

6）动词：标示动作和状态（及物动词、不及物动词）

7）冠词：标示名词的泛指或特指，art。A、an表示不特定the标示特定的

8）介词：标示名词或代词与其他词的关系，prep。(主要用在名词或是代词的前面） 9）连词：连接词与词、短语与短语、或句子与句子，conj。 10）感叹词：interj。

主要从含义，词形，句法功能上区分

句法的概述

句子的成分：主语、谓语、宾语、系动词、表语等

句子的成分分为两种

1）组成句子的基本元素：除了下面两者都是基本成分

2）附加成分：定语、状语（却两者是句子是完整的【剩余的为主干】，只是意思不完整）

主语:标示描述的是“谁”“或什么”（名词、代词、或与之相应的短语或句子担任） 谓语：说明主语的动作和所处的状态，由（动词和动词短语承担）。

表语：说明主语的性质、特征、状态、名称、身份等，与系动词一起使用，（由名词、代词和形容

词或与之相当的短语或句子承担）

宾语：标示动作的对象或内容，用于介词后构成介词宾语，（名词，代词，或与之相应的短语和句子） （1）介词宾语 （2）动词宾语

部分动词：后跟间接宾语和直接宾语，直接宾语指动作的内容，间接宾语指动作的对象。 补语：补充说明主语或宾语，（形容词、名词或与之相当的短语担任）

定语：修饰或限定名词，由（形容词或与之相当的从句或短语担任）代词后也可以跟定语。 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词、或整个句子，（由副词、或与之相当的短语或从句但任）

句子的基本类型：两种

1）：主系表结构：谁谁是谁谁，什么什么是什么什么。定性的句子 主语+联系动词+表语+其他成分。

包括（there be 结构、和含有被动语态的简单句） 2）主谓结构

主语+谓语+其他成分。

主系表结构分析 1）My home is in the south of china

My home为名词性短语

The south of china为介词in的宾语

in the south of china两者构成介宾结构，来充当表语 英语和汉语句子的主干结构是一样的 2）There are five people in my family. There 表语 Five people为主语

In my family为状语，地点状语（介词短语） 3）Rice is grown in my hometown.

稻米 是 被种植 在我的家乡（英式汉语） Grown 表语（被动）

In my hometown为状语（介词短语）

我的家乡种稻米。但是在英国认为我的家乡是不能发出种植这个动作的，思维严 主谓结构

5）My father teaches English at middle school. 6）She teaches children to read. to read宾补（不定式）

9)My parents find teaching very exciting. very exciting宾补（形容词短语） 副词不能做宾补

10）They often tell my brothers interesting stories in the evening. My brothers为间接宾语 Interesting stories为直接宾语 构成句子的元素 1）单词 2）短语 3）并列成分

4）非谓语动词短语（比名词短语复杂）能做出了谓语的任何成分 5）从句：一个句子整体做一个成分。（除了谓语，补语外的成分） 以上四种元素，逐步加长，互相嵌套，再加上谓语动词的变化使句子纷繁复杂

1）主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句 2）状语从句， 谓语和系动词的复杂 1）时态的变化

体现在谓语动词或系动词上

过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 进行 完成 完成进行

1一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，一般过去将来时； 2现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，过去将来进行时； 3现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，过去将来完成时；

4现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时，过去将来完成进行

时． 状态 与时间的关系 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 进行 完成 完成进行

主动 被动 1 1 1 1 主动 1 1 1 1 被动 主动 1 1 1 被动 主动 被动 1 过去将来：你在上周想了一件将来的事情。一般用在从句里边，或是文章里边：毛主席的故事，小时候准备下雨的时候帮人收衣服，整个事情发生在过去，计划将来

He will have forgotten all about this matter before long All为代词】

We were talking about you this morning. About you 是talk 的状语

Our company will be inspected next week. 表语（被）

She said she would be setting off on the four o'clock train. 斜体的为一个从句（宾语从句）为过去将来进行时态 主 谓语

She told me that she would be greeted at the airport.

斜体为宾语从句（从句不能做间接宾语）（过去将来时） 主 系 表

I had been looking for the book for hours before I found it. 斜体为过去完成进行时 带线的为状语从句 从句的两个特征

（1）是一个完整的句子（主谓结构，主系表） （2）整体上做另一个句子的成分

先整体（看其所属的成分）后局部（看句子的结构）原则 2）通过情态动词

3）通过虚拟语气 被动结构

1）一种特殊的主系表结构 2）主语和动词之间的被动关系

A fire during the night and a large number of houses to ashes. A.broke out , were burnt B.was broke out , were burnt C.broke out , burnt D.set out , were burned

解析 由于broke out没有被动选A 。set out指有计划的开始 两者为并列句，前后没有语法上的关系（and or but或用分号连接)

不定式to的后面一定是动词

情态动词：can /may/ must/ could（can的过去式但是不一定表形态，可以

表示可能性更小）might（同上）/ should/ will （做情态动词时表示愿意）/ought to/dare/need/不能单独使用，用于系动词和谓语动词之前，可以和完成时态or进行时态连用。 If you will（愿意）

Need和dare也可以做一般的动词（need to+动词原形） You can't be Tomy.

（表示对现在的推测）He may(can) be eating now. （与进行时连用） （表示对过去的推测）It must have rained yesterday.（it 不是形式主语，在没有任何知识的情况下表示天气或时间） Can't have done（不可能做过）

Should have done（表示本应该但没有）should not have done（本不应该但是做了）

With all this work on hand, she shouldn't have gone to the dance last night. You ought to have reported the matter to the manager the day before yesterday. 非谓语动词短语

不定式 动名词 分词（在文中可是出谓语以外的任何成分)

在句子中可以带自己的宾语、状语、或逻辑主语，有语态和时态的变化。 分为两部分 1）主干

动名词为：动词+ing

不定式为：to+动词 分词为

（1）现在分词：动词+ing （2）过去分词：动词+ed 2）附加成分

宾语、状语、逻辑主语（动词动作的发出者）

分析时从整体（那部分是非谓语动词短语）到局部（主干和其他成分）。 Climbing mountain is a good exercise.（动名词） 主语 宾语

Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. 状态 与时间的关系 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 主动 被动 主动 被主动 动 被主动 动 一般 进行 完成 完成进行 do Be(not)doing did was/were+not+doing had + not + done will/shall do Would done will be doing Will have done Have done have/has been doing Had+been+doing He gets up early to catch the first bus.

动词不定式主干及其变体 一般式 完成式 进行式 主动形式 （not）to do (not) to have done (not) to be doing 被动形式 (not) to be done (not) to have been done (not) to be being done

完成进行(not) to have been doing 时 （壹）（一）语法功能：动词不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、标语、定语、状语和补足语。除了谓语都可以。 1）作主语

It not easy to figure out the answer to the difficult math problem（.所有人是不定式的逻辑主语）

It 是形式主语 斜体部分是真正的主语

分析不定式

主干 宾语 宾语的定语（后置定语）

表语较短时可以用形式主语 2）作宾语

They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. 斜体为宾语

To explain 为主干 蓝色的为宾语从句 why在从句内部作状语 we是主语 3）不定式做宾补（涉及到不带to）

My mother teaches childern to read. 涉及到不带to

动词+宾语+不带to的不定式

（1）前边的动词为感官动词：see ,watch ,notice, look at ,hear, listen to smell ,taste（基本没有用过） ,feel,observe

（2）使役动词：make, let, have（使得）help（可带to也可不带to） The teacher has his students write a composition every other week. Henry is often seen to read English aloud every morning in the classroom. 不定式分析 主干 宾语 状 状 状 当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定 They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.

若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。 The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.

----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital 4）作状语（做目的状语 结果状语）

To be a teacher, one must first be a pupil.（目的）

系动词 表语 系表结构不定式

We hurried to the station only to find ourselves three hours earlier for the train.（结果）

主 谓 地点状语 结果状语

5）作定语：通常后置，放在被修饰词的后面，可能与前面被修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系，或是表明名词的内容。

Everyone has the right to receive education.（名词right的内容）

The question to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow is very important.（动宾） （二）动词不定式的被动式

当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的对象时（或动作的承受者时）不定式要用被动式。

We shall ask some samples to be sent and then we can make our decision.（samples为逻辑主语，句子里的名词）

The ability to be clearly heard is very important for any speaker.（any speaker为逻辑主语，句子里面的名词） （三）动词不定式的完成式

表示动词不定式的动作发生在句子谓语所表示的动作之前。（发生了并且已经结束了）因此要求不但要掌握好不定式还要掌握好句意。

Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.（逻辑主语是Charles Babbage句子的主语） Consider 后接动名词是，动名词作宾语。 We consider sending him to finish the task. 不定式的逻辑主语 一般情况下没有说明不定式 1）句子的主语， 2）或是它修饰的名词， 3）或者是句子中的其他名词，

4）或是所有人（包括读者在内的所有人）。

有时为了说明动作是谁干的+for somebody表示不定式的逻辑主语。 For somebody to do something.

It is not easy for children to make a living there. 不定式从for children 开始 贰 动名词

（1）动名词主干及其变化 一般时 完成时 开头动词都为ing形式 （2）动名词能干吗

含以上是动词，语法功能上是名词

语法功能：主语、表语、宾语、定语（很少，表用途；现在分词作定语强调动作）很少做补语 ，不作状语。

不定式能做谓语以外的各种成分，为什么动名词不可以呢enjoy+doing 动名词Living room sleeping bag

现在分词 a sleeping boy a living specimen

She apologized for her not being able to attend the meeting. 主 谓语 斜为状 A .her being not able B .her to be not able C .her not to be able

主动形式 doing Having done 被动形式 Being done Having been done

D .her not being able

分析：介词后面局不能跟不定式做宾语，只能跟动名词作宾语，把B C排除 not的位置跟不定式一样放在最前面

I am considering changing my job as I'm not getting on well with my boss. 斜体为状语从句as引导 A .changing B .to change C .changed

D .to be changed 答案 A 分析consider后跟ing形式作宾语

Do you fell like having something to eat today? A .having something eaten B .having something to eat C .to have something eaten D .to have something to eat

Fell like 后面跟ing形式，have something done 译为请别人做某事。 （3）动名词的完成式 表示动作已经结束 I don't remember . A .ever to be saying B .to have ever said C .having ever said that

D .ever said that C I regret having done such a thing.

（4）动名词的逻辑主语没有特别说明的话跟不定式的是一样的 1）句子的主语， 2）或是它修饰的名词， 3）或者是句子中的其他名词，

4）或是所有人（包括读者在内的所有人）。 为了强调逻辑主语

I don't remember your having been here.

动名词的逻辑主语如果是带词用形容性物主代词

Would you mind his playing the computer game in your room? 第一人称单my 复our 第二人称your

第三人称its his her their 或者是名词所有格：名词's

He forgot about my asking him to attend my wife's birthday. 叁 分词

（1）现在分词 时态和语态的变化跟现在分词是一样的 一般时 完成时 主动形式 doing Having done 被动形式 Being done Having been done 现在分词一般不用完成被动式 haveing been done 相当于done。

分词的情况下现在分词的完成过去式等于是过去分词 （2）成分 定语 状语 表语（不多）补语

I walked out of the cinema, determined to return to see the wonderful film the next Sunday. A .determine B .being determined C .determined

D .to be determined C

如果人是主语determine一般用被动式

Chance will determine the outcome.

句中斜体为过去分词做状语 过去分词短语作状语 To return到最后做主语补足语 To see到最后做目的状语 分词作状语一般的能复原

相当于I walked out of the cinema, and I was determined to return to see the wonderful film the next Sunday. 没有用并列句因为主语一样把主语、连接词、was省掉了

Before the guests come, I must get the glasses washed . A .washed

B .to be washed C .being washed D .to wash

1 Get something done 2 分词做宾补

John, having lost the bet, had to pay for the dinner. A .lost B .having lost C .losing D .having loss 现在分词的完成式 现在分词作原因状语

改成从句 because he had lost the bet, John had to pay for the dinner. 现在分词和过去分词的区别：现在分词表示主动，正在进行

过去分词表示被动，动作完成

Is there any thing possibility of getting the price reduced further？ 斜体为possibility的定语 reduce为price的宾补 Today the police can watch cars running on roads by radar. Watch可以跟不定式也可以跟现在分词，跟现在分词表示正在进行 现在分词做宾补

下面例子讲了过去分词和现在分词做定语时候的区别，类似于过去分词化的形容词和现在分词化的形容词的区别。Move 现在分词moving令人感动，使人感动，感动别人的。中央电视台的感动中国十大人物应为moving。Moved被感动的

She told me that it was the most delighting gift her daughter had received. A .delighting B .delighted C .delights D .delight

现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别：现在分词的被动表示被动和进行，过去分词表示被动或完成。

Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship being loaded with all kinds of goods.

The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person being interviewed answers the questions. A .to be interviewed B .interviewing C .being interviewed D .interviewed

分析ACD都有被动的意思但是不定式表示将来D答案表示采访完了 现在分词的被动式表示动作正在发生且被动 We found the cake eaten by Tom. 分词的逻辑主语和主句主语的关系

分词的逻辑主语一般没有强调的话就是句子的主语，特别作状语就是句子的主语

1两者一致时，分词形式要有动词与主语的关系决定。

Feeling tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep. A .Felt B .Felling C .Being felt D .To feel

Arriving at the bus stop, he found a lot of people waiting there. A .he found a lot of people B .a lot of people were C .he found a lot of people's D .people were found

分词短语做伴随状语是，和主句共用一个主语。 有说明

独立主格结构：逻辑主语+分词（现在，过去）作状语（原因，条件，时间，伴随）

Because the train was late, he had to wait in the station for three horses. The train being late, he had to wait in the station for three horses. 两个独立的句子不能用逗号连接

当分词短语带有自己的逻辑主语是，则要设计到分词的独立主格形式（一般由名词担任）。

All things considered, the planned trip had to be called off. Classes being over, the students left for home without delay. It being pretty late, we decided to leave at once, as we didn't want to risk missing the bus. A .As it being pretty late

B .It being pretty late C .It was being pretty late

D .Being pretty late 答案Ｂ The plane crashed, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground. A .exploded B .were exploded C .exploding D .were exploding

Weather permitting, we'll go to the Summer Place. It being Sunday, you needn't go to school. All the work done, you can have a rest. 最后的考点

With+名词+分词（过去分词，现在分词）主要看主动或是被动 从句 分析是

整体上做什么成分

从局部分析：引导词是否有实际意义、做不做从句的成分 名词性从句： 主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句

名词性从句可以有下列连词、连接代词、连接副词、引导。 连词：

1）that，无意义，在从句内部不从当成分，引导宾语从句是that可以省略。 2）Whether，是否，在从句中不充当句子的成分。引导宾语从句时可用if替代。在名词性从句中不可省略。

That you don't know the rule won't be a sufficient excuse for you failure. That the earth is round is true. It is true that the earth is round.

It is desirable (suggested,necessary,requested,ordered,proposed,urgent) + that+主语+should（可以省略）+V（动词原形）可能和虚拟语气相关。 It is urgent that a meeting (should）be arranged before the final decision is made. A .will be arranged B .must be arranged C .be arranged D .would be arranged 连接代词

Which（哪一个），what（----的东西）。whatever（无论----的东西），who（谁），whoever（无论谁）在从句内部做从句的主语或宾语。 What was once regarded as impossible has become a reality. What I saw was two men crossing the street.

What the press reported was not the way the event happened. 连接副词

When（何时），where（哪里），how（怎样，如何），why（为什么）在从句内部做从句的状语从句。 When we'll start is not clear. It is not clear when we'll start. 表语从句：用在系动词的后面

The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning. 宾语从句

从句只能是直接宾语。

I must tell you how pleased I was to receive a letter form you. A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago. A .what B .which C .that D. Where 作介词的宾语，what做从句的主语

形式宾语：当宾语为一个从句，且后面有形容词或名词作宾语时，常用形式宾语。用it指带，将真正的宾语放在后面。

I don't think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.

We consider it necessary that the instrument be adjusted each time it is used. 同位语从句：常跟在fact。Idea。News等名词的后面，说明这些名词的内容。通常用that引导。Whether 或是疑问词也可以引导同位语从句。 The news quickly spread throughout the village that the war had ended. 本题是分割结构应为

The news that the war had ended quickly spread throughout the village. Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

His proposal that they (should) challenge the other groups to a friendly competition is praised by the teacher. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别

定语从句的作用是修饰限制先行词；而同位语从句是对其名词进行解释说明。

同时，同位语从句中that没有具体的意义，只是一个引导词，而不充当句子成分；在定语从句中that既是引导词有在句子中充当成分。 在定语从句内部that要做主语或是表语。 The news that he will quit his job is true. The news that you told me is true. 同位语从句的that不省略

He told me that he had bought a music tape and that he would buy another one the next week. And的并列结构

We don't doubt that he can do a good job of it. 从句里面不能有疑问句

I wonder how many years ago your father retired. We all agree with him on what he said.

The teacher told the children that the Chinese culture is one of the oldest culture

in the world.

I will give this dictionary to whoever wants to have it A .whomever B .whoever C .whatever D .wherever

Whoever相当于anyone who。做两个成分做to的宾语，同时在宾语从句中做wants的主语

What all the inventions have in common is that they have succeeded. A .That, what B .What, that C .That, that D .What, what

A and B have nothing in common Have a lot in common

及物动词后面没有宾语的时候是不完整的，但是不及物动词是完整的。 Three days later, word came that our country had sent up another man-made satellite.

If you do your best it doesn't matter what people think of you. What做宾语of you做状语。 I am sure that what he said is true. A .that

B .about that C .of what D .that what

That 引导的宾语从句，在宾语从句中又有一个主语从句。 表语从句不能用because 或是since引导

Why the explosion occurred was that the laboratory attendant had been careless. A .for B .because C .since D .that

He insisted that he was in good health and (should) be sent to work there. A .was, be sent B .is ,is sent C .be, was sent D .be, send

Insisted 虚拟语气关电视不用虚拟，坚持做什么事用虚拟语气

定语从句：在符合句中起到定语作用的从句，一般跟在名词或代词后面。 限定性定语从句：没有逗号 非限定性定语从句：有逗号 引导词

一 ：关系代词who（人，主语、宾语）, whom（人，宾语）, whose（可以指人也可以指物，定语）, which（指东西，主语、宾语）, that（可以指人

也可以指物，主语、宾语）在定语从句内做主语，宾语、定语。

关系代词在从句里面作宾语的时候可以省略。带逗号的定语从句谁都不能省略。

The company official who would be fired received a raise. A .whom B .whoever C .who D .of whom

二 ：关系副词when, where, why,引导的定语从句，关系副词在句子中充当定语从句的状语。

We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are moving. A .what B .when C .which D .where

解析：两个逗号中间的为一个插入语，不要误以为是非限定性定语从句， 翻译：我们生活在一个历史上前所未有的，人们不断迁移的时代。 I will never forget the ten years which we both spent in the little village. A .when B .during which C .which D .in which

解析：表面上看跟在years后面应选when但是后面的定语从句中缺少spent的宾语。

关系代词前面有介词的定语从句。

The tsunami in which over 160,000 people were killed was a terrible disaster for human beings.

A .of that B .among which

C .during that D .in which

解析：也可以用where但是没有in that为固定搭配表示因为什么所以定语从句中很少用in that。介词后面的关系代词一般不用that。

This is the dictionary on which I depend a lot whenever I have problems with new words.

解析：on可以放在depend的后面。 四：关系代词as

As也可以用来引导定语从句。用作关系代词的as通常与such，the same，as连用。或者用在句首或句尾，指代后面的一句话，如as is known to all（主语）, as we all know（宾语）, as is often the case（主语）等。 例如：I will buy the same shirt as you have. 我将买和你同样的衬衫。

He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand. 他用大家都可以了解的简单英语说话。 As在从句中作宾语不可省略。

As is well-known, the environment in China is badly in need of improvement. A. It B. That C. As D. What 非限定性定语从句

（1）对被修饰的名词其附加说明，或进一步描述或补充。即为修饰前面的一个词或是一个句子。修饰一句话的时候只能用which或是as，修饰一个词的时候除了不能用that其他词都能用。

例It turned out that the man was an excellent policeman working in New York, who had contributed a lot to the case. A. That B. Which C. Who D. Where

解析：句中it为形式主语that引导的为主语从句，who在从句中为主语， 例He was very rude to the customs officer, which of course made things even worse. A. Who B. Whom C. What D. Which

解析：本题强调的为事情本身 （2）名词（代词）+介词+关系代词

The writer has published many books, all of which are well received by the readers.

A. None of whom B. All of which C. Neither of who D. One of which

解析：这里为什么不能为翻译为期中的一本，因为系动词为are，（一致）

The United States is composed of fifty states, two of which are separated from the others by land or water. A. Them B. That C. Which D. Those

解析：为什么不用them或是those。因为用两者之一的话后面为一个完整的句子，而两个完整的句子不可以用逗号连接。

The letter and the little girl that we had discovered disappeared again. A. Which B. That C. Whom D. Who

解析：前面的先行词即有人又有物则代词只能用that。而且that在定语从句内部作宾语是可以省略不写出来的。 The other day某一天

Is this the museum that you visited the other day? Is this museum the one some German friends visited last Wednesday? A. That B. Where C. In which D. The one

解析：第二个句子中the one的后面省略了that因为其在从句中做宾语。 如果选其他的选项则主句不完整。

This is the biggest laboratory we have ever built in our school. A. Which B. What C. Where D. -

前边是最高级时不能用which修饰。 状语从句：在句子内做状语的从句

在主语从句其状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果。 1）状语表达和主句之间的关系 2）去掉后不影响句子

3）大多数状语从句的引导词都不做句子的成分，表达从句和主句之间的逻辑关系

二）时间状语从句

常用的连词有：when，whenever，（无论什么时候），since，as，until，hardly...when，no sooner...than，as soon as，before，after，the moment，the minute （一...就...）

时间状语从句的引导词都不做状语从句的成分，但是引词本身词有一定的意义。

No sooner had they got the goods covered up than it started raining hard.

A.When B.Than C.Then D.After

在从句中it为主语started为谓语raining hard为宾语。主句中主语为they谓语为had got因为No sooner为否定位于句子的开头所以用到装形式，had为助动词。

She has wanted to become a nurse ever since she was a young girl. A. Long B. Often C. Always D. Ever

Ever since 不做句子的成分 二）条件状语从句

常用if，unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as（只要）。

条件状语从句时态可能不一致，比如说主句是将来时态，从句有可能是将来时态。

Unless I'm mistaken, I've seen that man before. Unless you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine.

三）原因状语从句 常用because，as，since。

He cannot go to school because he is ill.

Everyone likes you as you are both kind and honest. 四）让步状语从句

常用though/although，as（尽管），even if/though，however，whatever，wherever，whoever，no matter how/what/who等。

However（状语），whatever（主语、宾语），wherever（状语），whoever（主语、宾语），no matter how/what/who要在从句内部做句子的成分 As引导的句子经常用半倒庄即为把表语放在句子的最前面 Strong as he is he felt tired out after the long journey for eight hours. Busy as he was at Harvard, he began again to write his essay. As引导让步状语从句时，被强调的部分放在句子之前，进行倒桩。 Whatever he says or does won't make me change my mind at all.（主语从句） However difficult the task is, we can finish it in time. 五）方式状语从句

常用as，just as， as if/though等词。 He talks as if he knew everything in the world. A. Knows B. Knew C. Had known D. Would have known

解析：虚拟语气，非真实的时态用过去时态不是现在的事情。 六）目的状语从句

常用so that，in order that，lest（以免，以防）in case。 I wrote it down in case I should forget it. I'll give you my phone number, so that you can call me when you arrive here. 七）结果状语从句 常用so...that, such...that。

They are such diligent students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations.

为什么不用so 单数情况下可以用so或是such So后为一个形容词+a+名词 Such+a+形容词+名词

但是复数或是不可数名词只能用such+形容词+名词 强调和倒桩 强调

基本形式it is (was) +被强调部分+that(who).....。

It was while she was sleeping in her bedroom that a thief broke into the house. 特点1）强调部分不能为动词和形容词，全能强调。 2）去掉it is（was）和that（who）句子还成立。

It is from my grandparents that I learned a lot.强调状语如果没有from则强调人

It is my grandparents who I learned a lot. Not.....until....句型强调

It is/was not until +被强调部分+that+其他部分

例子It was not until dawn that they found their way out of the forest.

倒桩：一）否定词放置在句首时，助动词或是be动词要放在主语前面进行倒桩。

常用的否定词有：not, scarcely（几乎不）, barely（很少，几乎不）, seldom, not until, little, (in)under no circumstance, by no means（绝不）, no sooner...than等。

Barely还有一个意思“仅仅”

例子：In no case should we prevent the students from exploring new ideas. Prevent somebody from doing something,阻止某人做什么事情

Not until I reminded him for the third time did he stop working and looked up. A. That he stopped B. Does he stopped C. Did he stop D. That he stopped

二）only+状语/adv/介词短语放于句首时，句子要倒桩。 Only recently has something been done to deal with the environmental problems.

Only under such a condition will he make steady progress.

Only this morning did I hear the sad news. 本来是heard这里用did与hear代替。

三）Nor（也不）, nether（也不）, so用于句首时句子要倒桩。 Nor为副词，也可以为连词。Neither为代词。

例子If you go to the movie tonight, so will I. A. Will B. Do C. Am D. Can

主句用将来时，从句用现在时。

So little did I know about the stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me.

四）If 虚拟语气条件从句事假的，主句也是假的。 虚拟条件句中省略If时要倒桩。

Had I realized you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions. A. If I realized B. Had I realized C. Did I have realized D. As I realized 虚拟语气

虚拟语气是体现英汉语言区别的一个语法现象。在汉语里标示假设虚拟的情况常用一些虚词来标示例如“假设”、“如果”等。而英文中标示虚拟的情况不但有虚词的提示，谓语动词也要有相应的变化。分为三大类 1）非真实主句和非真实从句。 1.表达假设的情况，与事实相反。 2.表达异想天开很难实现的愿望

3.表达建议、命令、劝告等语气。 假设类型 与现在事实相反 条件从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式 动词的过去式（be用were而不用was） 与过去事实相反 Had+-ed分词 Would（第一人称可用should）+动词原形 Would（第一人称可用should）+have+-ed分词 与将来事实可能相反 Were to+动词原形或should+动词原形 Would（第一人称可用should）+动词原形 于过去事实相反 If you had come yesterday, I would have done it. 对于将来的假设 If you should become a teacher, she would marry you. 如果把if省略则使用倒装，如位于包括were, had, should等词则把这些词放在主语前面。

Mary said to me, \"Had I seen your bag, I would have returned it to you.\" I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him. If Bob had come with us, he would have had a good time. Should they come to us, I should ask them some questions. Were they to come to us, I should ask them some questions. 含蓄条件句 不含从句的非真实主句：有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句标示，而用其他方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with（如果有）, without（如果没有）, but for（如果没有）。

Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth would not grow well. But for my classmate's help, I would not have finished the work in time.

But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday. 2）类似于非真实从句。标示对过去的愿望应用过去完成时态，标示现在的愿望用过去时态，表示将来的愿望用过去将来时态。Wish后的语法。 I didn't go to the patty, but I do wish I had been there. Peter wishes that he had studied law instead of literature when he was in college.

If only+句子（过去式/过去完成时）“要是...就好了”

If only 后面的句子如果是对现在或将来情况的虚拟，用过去时did；如果是对过去情况的虚拟用过去完成时had done。要注意与if的区别，if只表示假设，“如果”用真实语气；而if only表示不可能实现的情况，用虚拟语气。 If only the alarm clock had rung. If only I were rich.

Would rather+句子（过去时）表示宁愿、宁可的意思，语气比较婉转。后接过去式。

I'd rather you didn't touch that, if you don't mind. It is time(that), it is high time(that)...句型中，谓语动词用过去时表示该做而未做的事，意思是该....了、早该...了。

Let's finish our homework in a few seconds; it's time we palyed football. Don't you think it is time you gave up smoking? 以as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能的或是不真实的情况他们所引导的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish后面的的从句变化形式相同。

He talks as if he knew everything in the world.

3）建议或是命令类，谓语动词只有一种形式，should+动词原形。（should可以省略）一般用在从句里面，基本上是名词性从句

(1)、一些词表示建议、要求、命令等的动词本身隐含说话者主观意见。因此这些动词（或其变形，如名词，形容词，分词等）后面的从句应使用虚拟语气，既should do结构，其中should常被省略。

I don't think it advisable that Tom (should) be assigned to the job since he has no experience.

(2)it is necessary/important/essential/vital/urgent/surprising/amazing/that引导的主语从句中，从句谓语动词要用should+动词原形。Should也可以省略。此处形容词的特点是重要性或是吃惊。 4）类似于建议类虚拟语气。

以in case, lest, for fear that引导的状语从句，标示“以防”，“以免”其形式为should+动词原形,should可以省略。

He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.